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          LV06-02-内核模块-05-内核模块框架解析
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<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看使用工具及版本 </summary>
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              <table>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="5">PC端开发环境</td>        <td align="center" width=150px>Windows</td>        <td align="left">Windows11</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">Ubuntu</td>        <td align="left">Ubuntu20.04.2的64位版本</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">VMware® Workstation 17 Pro</td>        <td align="left">17.6.0 build-24238078</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">终端软件</td>        <td align="left">MobaXterm(Professional Edition v23.0 Build 5042 (license))</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">Win32DiskImager</td>        <td align="left">Win32DiskImager v1.0</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="3">Linux开发板环境</td>        <td align="center">Linux开发板</td>        <td align="left">正点原子 i.MX6ULL Linux 阿尔法开发板</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">uboot</td>        <td align="left">NXP官方提供的uboot，使用的uboot版本为U-Boot 2019.04</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">linux内核</td>        <td align="left">linux-4.19.71(NXP官方提供)</td>      </tr></table>
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            </details>

<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看本文参考资料 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <table>    <tr>        <td align="center">分类</td>        <td align="center">网址</td>        <td align="center">说明</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="5">官方网站</td>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.arm.com/" target="_blank">https://www.arm.com/</a></td>        <td align="left">ARM官方网站，在这里我们可以找到Cotex-Mx以及ARMVx的一些文档</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nxp.com.cn/" target="_blank">https://www.nxp.com.cn/ </a></td>        <td align="left">NXP官方网站</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nxpic.org.cn/" target="_blank">https://www.nxpic.org.cn/</a></td><td align="left">NXP 官方社区</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://u-boot.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" target="_blank">https://u-boot.readthedocs.io/en/latest/</a></td><td align="left">u-boot官网</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.kernel.org/" target="_blank">https://www.kernel.org/</a></td><td align="left">linux内核官网</td>    </tr></table>
              </div>
            </details>

<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看相关文件下载 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <table>    <tr>        <td align="center">分类</td>        <td align="center">网址</td>        <td align="center">说明</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="3">NXP</td>        <td align="left"><a href="https://github.com/nxp-imx" target="_blank">https://github.com/nxp-imx</a></td>        <td align="left">NXP imx开发资源GitHub组织，里边会有u-boot和linux内核的仓库</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://github.com/nxp-imx/linux-imx/releases/tag/v4.19.71" target="_blank">nxp-imx/linux-imx/releases/tag/v4.19.71</a></td>        <td align="left">NXP linux内核仓库tags中的v4.19.71</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://github.com/nxp-imx/uboot-imx/releases/tag/rel_imx_4.19.35_1.1.0" target="_blank">nxp-imx/uboot-imx/releases/tag/rel_imx_4.19.35_1.1.0</a></td>        <td align="left">NXP u-boot仓库tags中的rel_imx_4.19.35_1.1.0</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="2">I.MX6ULL</td>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nxp.com.cn/docs/en/data-sheet/IMX6ULLIEC.pdf" target="_blank">i.MX 6ULL Applications Processors for Industrial Products</a></td>        <td align="left">I.MX6ULL 芯片手册（datasheet，可以在线查看）</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nxp.com.cn/webapp/Download?colCode=IMX6ULLRM&lang_cd=zh" target="_blank">i.MX 6ULL Applications ProcessorReference Manual</a></td>        <td align="left">I.MX6ULL 参考手册（下载后才能查看，需要登录NXP官网）</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="2">Source Code</td>        <td align="left"><a href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source" target="_blank">https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source</a></td>        <td align="left">linux kernel源码</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/u-boot/latest/source" target="_blank">https://elixir.bootlin.com/u-boot/latest/source</a></td>        <td align="left">uboot源码</td>    </tr></table>
              </div>
            </details>

<p>这一节我们来了解一下内核模块编写的框架。</p>
<h1 id="一、模块源码"><a href="#一、模块源码" class="headerlink" title="一、模块源码"></a><font size=3>一、模块源码</font></h1><p>这里就用前面准备的hello_world_demo.c源码（<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://gitee.com/sumumm/imx6ull-driver-demo/blob/master/03_module_basic/01_hello_world_demo/hello_world_demo.c">03_module_basic&#x2F;01_hello_world_demo&#x2F;hello_world_demo.c · 苏木&#x2F;imx6ull-driver-demo - 码云 - 开源中国 (gitee.com)</a>）：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/kernel.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/init.h&gt;</span>     <span class="comment">/* module_init module_exit */</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/module.h&gt;</span>   <span class="comment">/* MODULE_LICENSE */</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 模块入口函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="type">int</span> __init <span class="title function_">hello_world_demo_init</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">void</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    printk(<span class="string">&quot;hello_world_demo module is running!\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 模块出口函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="type">void</span> __exit <span class="title function_">hello_world_demo_exit</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">void</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	printk(<span class="string">&quot;hello_world_demo will exit\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 将__init定义的函数指定为驱动的入口函数</span></span><br><span class="line">module_init(hello_world_demo_init);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 将__exit定义的函数指定为驱动的出口函数</span></span><br><span class="line">module_exit(hello_world_demo_exit);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 模块信息(通过 modinfo hello_world_demo 查看) */</span></span><br><span class="line">MODULE_LICENSE(<span class="string">&quot;GPL&quot;</span>);               <span class="comment">/* 源码的许可证协议 */</span></span><br><span class="line">MODULE_AUTHOR(<span class="string">&quot;sumu&quot;</span>);               <span class="comment">/* 字符串常量内容为模块作者说明 */</span></span><br><span class="line">MODULE_DESCRIPTION(<span class="string">&quot;Description&quot;</span>);   <span class="comment">/* 字符串常量内容为模块功能说明 */</span></span><br><span class="line">MODULE_ALIAS(<span class="string">&quot;module&#x27;s other name&quot;</span>); <span class="comment">/* 字符串常量内容为模块别名 */</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h1 id="二、代码框架分析"><a href="#二、代码框架分析" class="headerlink" title="二、代码框架分析"></a><font size=3>二、代码框架分析</font></h1><p>Linux 驱动的基本框架主要由模块加载函数， 模块卸载函数， 模块许可证声明， 模块参数，模块导出符号， 模块作者信息等几部分组成， 其中模块参数， 模块导出符号， 模块作者信息是可选的部分， 也就是可要可不要。 剩余部分是必须有的。   </p>
<ul>
<li><strong>模块加载函数(必须)：</strong> 当通过insmod或modprobe命令加载内核模块时，模块的加载函数就会自动被内核执行，完成本模块相关的初始化工作。</li>
<li><strong>模块卸载函数(必须)：</strong> 当执行rmmod命令卸载模块时，模块卸载函数就会自动被内核自动执行，完成相关清理工作。</li>
<li><strong>模块许可证声明(必须)：</strong> 许可证声明描述内核模块的许可权限，如果不声明模块许可，模块被加载时，将会有内核被污染（kernel tainted）的警告。 可接受的内核模块声明许可包括“GPL”“GPL v2”等。  </li>
<li><strong>模块参数：</strong> 模块参数是模块被加载时，可以传值给模块中的参数。</li>
<li><strong>模块导出符号：</strong> 模块可以导出准备好的变量或函数作为符号，以便其他内核模块调用。</li>
<li><strong>模块的其他相关信息：</strong> 可以声明模块作者等信息。</li>
</ul>
<p>上面示例的hello_world_demo.c程序只包含上面三个必要部分以及模块的其他信息声明（模块参数和导出符号将在后面的学习中出现）。</p>
<p>头文件包含了&lt;linux&#x2F;init.h&gt;和&lt;linux&#x2F;module.h&gt;，这两个头文件是写内核模块必须要包含的。 模块初始化函数hello_world_demo_init()调用了printk函数，在内核模块运行的过程中，他不能依赖于C库函数， 因此用不了printf函数，需要使用单独的打印输出函数printk。该函数的用法与printf函数类似。 完成模块初始化函数之后，还需要调用宏module_init来告诉内核，使用hello_world_demo_init()函数来进行初始化。 模块卸载函数也用printk函数打印字符串，并用宏module_exit在内核注册该模块的卸载函数。 最后，必须声明该模块使用遵循的许可证，这里我们设置为GPL协议。</p>
<h1 id="三、源码分析"><a href="#三、源码分析" class="headerlink" title="三、源码分析"></a><font size=3>三、源码分析</font></h1><h2 id="1-头文件"><a href="#1-头文件" class="headerlink" title="1. 头文件"></a><font size=3>1. 头文件</font></h2><p>前面我们已经接触过了Linux的应用编程，了解到Linux的头文件都存放在&#x2F;usr&#x2F;include中。 编写内核模块所需要的头文件，并不在上述说到的目录，而是在Linux内核源码中的include文件夹。</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/module.h&gt;</span> <span class="comment">// 包含了内核加载module_init()/卸载module_exit()函数和内核模块信息相关函数的声明</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/init.h&gt;</span>   <span class="comment">// 包含一些内核模块相关节区的宏定义</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/kernel.h&gt;</span> <span class="comment">// 包含内核提供的各种函数，如printk</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>编写内核模块中经常要使用到的头文件有以下两个：&lt;linux&#x2F;init.h&gt;和&lt;linux&#x2F;module.h&gt;。 我们可以看到在头文件前面也带有一个文件夹的名字linux，对应了include下的linux文件夹，我们到该文件夹下，查看这两个头文件都有什么内容。</p>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/init.h">init.h - include&#x2F;linux&#x2F;init.h </a></li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">ifndef</span> _LINUX_INIT_H</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> _LINUX_INIT_H</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/compiler.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/types.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// ......</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* These are for everybody (although not all archs will actually</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">   discard it in modules) */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> __init		__section(.init.text) __cold  __latent_entropy __noinitretpoline</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> __initdata	__section(.init.data)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> __initconst	__section(.init.rodata)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> __exitdata	__section(.exit.data)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> __exit_call	__used __section(.exitcall.exit)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// ......</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">endif</span> <span class="comment">/* _LINUX_INIT_H */</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>init.h头文件主要包含了内核模块用到的一些宏定义，因此，只要我们涉及内核模块的编程，就需要加上该头文件。</p>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/module.h">module.h - include&#x2F;linux&#x2F;module.h</a></li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> module_init(x)  __initcall(x);</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> module_exit(x)  __exitcall(x);</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* Generic info of form tag = &quot;info&quot; */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> MODULE_INFO(tag, info) __MODULE_INFO(tag, tag, info)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> MODULE_ALIAS(_alias) MODULE_INFO(alias, _alias)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> MODULE_LICENSE(_license) MODULE_INFO(license, _license)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> MODULE_AUTHOR(_author) MODULE_INFO(author, _author)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>以上代码中，包含了内核模块的加载、卸载函数的声明，还列举了module.h文件中的部分宏定义，这部分宏定义， 有的是可有可无的，但是MODULE_LICENSE这个是指定该内核模块的许可证，是必须要有的。</p>
<p><strong>注意：</strong> 在本这里使用的4.19.71版本内核中， <code>module_init</code> 和 <code>module_exit</code> 函数声明在 <code>include/linux/module.h</code> 文件中，旧版本的内核这两个函数声明在 <code>include/linux/init.h</code> 文件中。</p>
<h2 id="2-模块加载和卸载函数"><a href="#2-模块加载和卸载函数" class="headerlink" title="2. 模块加载和卸载函数"></a><font size=3>2. 模块加载和卸载函数</font></h2><h3 id="2-1-module-init"><a href="#2-1-module-init" class="headerlink" title="2.1 module_init()"></a><font size=3>2.1 module_init()</font></h3><h4 id="2-1-1-一般格式"><a href="#2-1-1-一般格式" class="headerlink" title="2.1.1 一般格式"></a><font size=3>2.1.1 一般格式</font></h4><figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="type">int</span> __init <span class="title function_">func_init</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">void</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">module_init(func_init);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>当模块初始化成功，的时候会在&#x2F;sys&#x2F;module下新建一个以模块名为名的目录。例如我们之前插入hello_world_demo.ko后，会有如下目录产生：</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/02IMX6ULL%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0/LV06-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV06-02-%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97-05-%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90/img/image-20241118230823024.png" alt="image-20241118230823024" />

<p>在C语言中，static关键字的作用如下：</p>
<p>（1）static修饰的静态局部变量直到程序运行结束以后才释放，延长了局部变量的生命周期；</p>
<p>（2）static的修饰全局变量只能在本文件中访问，不能在其它文件中访问；</p>
<p>（3）static修饰的函数只能在本文件中调用，不能被其他文件调用。</p>
<p>内核模块的代码，实际上是内核代码的一部分， 假如内核模块定义的函数和内核源代码中的某个函数重复了， 编译器就会报错，导致编译失败，因此我们给内核模块的代码加上static修饰符的话， 那么就可以避免这种错误。</p>
<h4 id="2-1-2-init"><a href="#2-1-2-init" class="headerlink" title="2.1.2 __init"></a><font size=3>2.1.2 __init</font></h4><p>这个宏定义在<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/init.h#L50">init.h - include&#x2F;linux&#x2F;init.h</a>：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> __init      __section(.init.text) __cold  __latent_entropy __noinitretpoline</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> __initdata  __section(.init.data)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>以上代码 __init、__initdata宏定义（位于内核源码&#x2F;linux&#x2F;init.h）中的__init用于修饰函数，__initdata用于修饰变量。 带有__init的修饰符，表示将该函数放到可执行文件的__init节区中，该节区的内容只能用于模块的初始化阶段， 初始化阶段执行完毕之后，这部分的内容就会被释放掉。</p>
<h4 id="2-1-3-module-init"><a href="#2-1-3-module-init" class="headerlink" title="2.1.3 module_init"></a><font size=3>2.1.3 module_init</font></h4><p>module_init也是一个宏，它定义在<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/module.h#L87">module.h - include&#x2F;linux&#x2F;module.h</a>：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> module_init(x) __initcall(x);</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>宏定义module_init用于通知内核初始化模块的时候， 要使用哪个函数进行初始化。它会将函数地址加入到相应的节区section中， 这样的话，开机的时候就可以自动加载模块了。</p>
<h3 id="2-2-module-exit"><a href="#2-2-module-exit" class="headerlink" title="2.2 module_exit()"></a><font size=3>2.2 module_exit()</font></h3><h4 id="2-2-1-一般格式"><a href="#2-2-1-一般格式" class="headerlink" title="2.2.1 一般格式"></a><font size=3>2.2.1 一般格式</font></h4><p>与内核加载函数相反，内核模块卸载函数func_exit主要是用于释放初始化阶段分配的内存， 分配的设备号等，是初始化过程的逆过程。</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="type">void</span> __exit <span class="title function_">func_exit</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">void</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">module_exit(func_exit);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>与函数func_init区别在于，该函数的返回值是void类型，且修饰符也不一样， 这里使用的使用__exit，表示将该函数放在可执行文件的__exit节区， 当执行完模块卸载阶段之后，就会自动释放该区域的空间。</p>
<h4 id="2-2-2-exit"><a href="#2-2-2-exit" class="headerlink" title="2.2.2 __exit"></a><font size=3>2.2.2 __exit</font></h4><p>__exit宏定义在<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/init.h#L83">init.h - include&#x2F;linux&#x2F;init.h</a>：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> __exit          __section(.exit.text) __exitused __cold notrace</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> __exitdata  __section(.exit.data)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>__exit用于修饰函数，__exitdata用于修饰变量。 宏定义module_exit用于告诉内核，当卸载模块时，需要调用哪个函数。</p>
<h2 id="3-许可证"><a href="#3-许可证" class="headerlink" title="3. 许可证"></a><font size=3>3. 许可证</font></h2><p>Linux是一款免费的操作系统，采用了GPL协议，允许用户可以任意修改其源代码。 GPL协议的主要内容是软件产品中即使使用了某个GPL协议产品提供的库， 衍生出一个新产品，该软件产品都必须采用GPL协议，即必须是开源和免费使用的， 可见GPL协议具有传染性。因此，我们可以在Linux使用各种各样的免费软件。 在以后学习Linux的过程中，可能会发现我们安装任何一款软件，从来没有30天试用期或者是要求输入激活码的。这个宏定义在<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/module.h#L200">module.h - include&#x2F;linux&#x2F;module.h </a></p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> MODULE_LICENSE(_license) MODULE_INFO(license, _license)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>内核模块许可证有 “GPL”，“GPL v2”，“GPL and additional rights”，“Dual SD&#x2F;GPL”，“Dual MPL&#x2F;GPL”，“Proprietary”。这里要是不标明的话可能会出现这种问题：</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/02IMX6ULL%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0/LV06-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV06-02-%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97-05-%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90/img/image-20241120220437718.png" alt="image-20241120220437718" />

<h2 id="4-相关信息声明"><a href="#4-相关信息声明" class="headerlink" title="4. 相关信息声明"></a><font size=3>4. 相关信息声明</font></h2><p>最后这部分内容只是为了给使用该模块的读者一本“说明书”，属于可有可无的部分， 有则锦上添花，若没有也无所谓。例如：</p>
<h3 id="4-1-作者信息"><a href="#4-1-作者信息" class="headerlink" title="4.1 作者信息"></a><font size=3>4.1 作者信息</font></h3><p>MODULE_AUTHOR这个宏定义的事作者信息，它定义在<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/module.h#L206">module.h - include&#x2F;linux&#x2F;module.h</a>中：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/*</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * Author(s), use &quot;Name &lt;email&gt;&quot; or just &quot;Name&quot;, for multiple</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * authors use multiple MODULE_AUTHOR() statements/lines.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> MODULE_AUTHOR(_author) MODULE_INFO(author, _author)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>我们可以使用modinfo中打印出的模块信息，其中“author”信息便是来自于宏定义MODULE_AUTHOR。 该宏定义用于声明该模块的作者。</p>
<h3 id="4-2-模块描述信息"><a href="#4-2-模块描述信息" class="headerlink" title="4.2 模块描述信息"></a><font size=3>4.2 模块描述信息</font></h3><p>MODULE_DESCRIPTION这个宏定义的是模块的描述信息，它定义在<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/module.h#L209">module.h - include&#x2F;linux&#x2F;module.h</a>：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* What your module does. */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> MODULE_DESCRIPTION(_description) MODULE_INFO(description, _description)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>模块信息中“description”信息就是来自宏MODULE_DESCRIPTION，该宏用于描述该模块的功能作用。</p>
<h3 id="4-3-模块别名"><a href="#4-3-模块别名" class="headerlink" title="4.3 模块别名"></a><font size=3>4.3 模块别名</font></h3><p>MODULE_ALIAS用于定义模块的别名，这个宏定义在<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/include/linux/module.h#L165">module.h - include&#x2F;linux&#x2F;module.h</a>：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* For userspace: you can also call me... */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> MODULE_ALIAS(_alias) MODULE_INFO(alias, _alias)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>模块信息中“alias”信息来自于宏定义MODULE_ALIAS。该宏定义用于给内核模块起别名。 注意，在使用该模块的别名时，需要将该模块复制到&#x2F;lib&#x2F;modules&#x2F;(uname -r)&#x2F;下， 使用命令depmod更新模块的依赖关系，否则的话，Linux内核不知道这个模块还有另一个名字。</p>

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